Pollination Efficiency of Indigenous Insects on Major Nigerian Crops: A Case Study of Cocoa, Cashew, and Oil Palm Farms

The pollination activities of indigenous species are crucial for sustaining food production and enhancing the yield of cocoa (Theobroma cacao), cashew (Anacardium occidentale), and oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) in Nigeria. Native pollinators especially stingless bees, flies, and beetles significantly improve pollination efficiency, resulting in better fruit yield, seed quality, and crop resilience. Their role as providers of vital ecosystem services directly influences crop productivity and agricultural sustainability. However, their effectiveness is increasingly threatened by seasonal fluctuations, land-use changes, and climate variability. Unlike introduced species, indigenous pollinators are better adapted to local environments, making them more effective and resilient. Beyond pollination, native species contribute to soil health, biodiversity, and ecosystem balance, key elements of sustainable agriculture. Conservation strategies such as preserving natural habitats, protecting floral resources, practicing agroecology and agroforestry, intercropping, and reducing chemical pesticide use are vital. These efforts help maintain consistent food sources and safe habitats for pollinators. Integrating scientific knowledge with traditional practices can inform locally appropriate conservation solutions. Despite their importance, native pollinators face threats from habitat loss, pesticides, and environmental degradation. There is an urgent need for integrated policies to protect these species while improving agricultural productivity. Supporting indigenous pollinators is essential for food security and promoting sustainable farming systems in Nigeria.