Metals Contamination Assessment in Sediment, Hydrophytes, and Water Samples to Evaluate Human Health Risk

Background and Objective: Metal pollution from natural and anthropogenic sources is a growing global concern, affecting soil, groundwater, and aquatic plants, with potential human health risks. This study aimed to assess the concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Co, and Fe in sediment, hydrophytes, and water, and to evaluate associated human health risks. Materials and Methods: Water, sediment, and hydrophyte samples were collected from the study area and prepared through filtration, acid digestion (HNO₃), and dilution under controlled conditions. Heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Co, Fe) were quantified using atomic absorption spectrophotometry with appropriate calibration and quality control measures. Human exposure risk was evaluated by calculating the average daily dose (ADD) through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal pathways. Standard exposure parameters (e.g., body weight, exposure duration, and frequency) were applied for both adults and children to estimate health risks. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA in SPSS (version 25.0), with significance determined at p<0.05. Results: Mean metal concentrations (mg/L) in the upper dam were Fe (0.300), Cu (0.251), Co (0.030), As (0.020), Cr (0.100), and Cd (ND), and in the lower dam Fe (0.335), Cu (0.263), Co (0.040), As (0.031), Cr (0.190), and Cd (ND). In water, the metals followed the order Fe>Cu>Cr>As>Co>Cd. All measured concentrations in water, sediment, and hydrophytes were below NESREA limits. Children had higher estimated doses for all metals than adults. Conclusion: Although current metal levels are within safe limits, continuous human exposure through water, sediment, and hydrophytes warrants monitoring, regulatory interventions, and future mitigation strategies.