Research Article | Open Access
Volume 2 | Issue 2 | https://doi.org/10.21124/tbs.2026.144.152

Bacteriological Assessment of Sliced Pineapple (Ananas comosus) Hawked in Ibadan North Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria

    Praise Temilade Ozabor LiveDNA ORCID

    Department of Microbiology, Osun State University, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria

    Inioluwa Ademola

    Food Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

    Ilesanmi Festus Fadahunsi

    Food Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria


Received
05 Jan, 2026		 Accepted
16 Mar, 2026		 Published
30 Jun, 2026

Background and Objective: Ready-to-eat fruits are commonly consumed without further processing, increasing the risk of bacterial contamination and food-borne infections. Sliced and hawked fruits, in particular, may be exposed to unhygienic handling and environmental contaminants. This study aimed to assess the bacteriological quality of ready-to-eat sliced/cut pineapple fruits sold in Ibadan North Local Government Area, Oyo State, and to identify the associated bacterial contaminants. Materials and Methods: A culture-dependent approach was employed for the isolation of bacteria from sliced pineapple samples collected from different vending locations. Total heterotrophic bacterial counts were determined using standard plate count techniques. Presumptive identification of bacterial isolates was carried out through biochemical characterization following conventional microbiological procedures. Data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, and ANOVA at the 5% level. Results: The total heterotrophic count ranged from 1.0×104 to 1.0×107 CFU/mL, with the highest and lowest counts recorded in samples from Agbowo (Ag1) and Bodija (B1), respectively. A total of 44 bacterial isolates were identified, including Bacillus spp. (7), Citrobacter spp. (2), Enterobacter spp. (5), Escherichia coli (11), Klebsiella spp. (2), Leminorella spp. (1), Morganella spp. (1), Pseudomonasspp. (2), Salmonella spp. (5), andStaphylococcus spp. (8). E. coli showed the highest frequency of occurrence (25.0%), followed by Staphylococcus spp. (18.2%), whileLeminorella spp. andMorganella spp. were least prevalent (2.2% each). Conclusion: The high bacterial loads and presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria indicate poor microbiological quality of the sliced pineapple fruits, rendering them unsafe for human consumption. The findings highlight the need for strict adherence to aseptic handling practices during fruit processing and vending. Future studies should incorporate molecular identification techniques and assess antimicrobial resistance patterns to strengthen food safety surveillance.

Copyright © 2026 Ozabor et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 

INTRODUCTION

Microbiological assessment of foods is a process of estimating the numbers and types of microorganisms contaminating a particular food, which connotes the microbiological safety of the analysed food samples1. The microbiological risk assessment framework involves a structured and scientific approach to determining the complex issues relating to food hygiene and food borne diseases2. Fruits are the edible fleshy part of plants that bears the seeds, and endowed with a variety of flavours which might be sweet, sour or bitter. Fruits such as apricot, apple, banana, cantaloupe, berries, grapefruit, orange, pawpaw, cherry cashew, water melon, guava, pineapple are consumed in Nigeria because of their low cholesterol, fat, sodium, calories, and high levels of vitamins A, B6, C, E, K, and folate3,4.

In recent times, the consumption of fruits has increased tremendously in both developing and under developed countries of the world5, sequel to the enormous health benefits reported to be associated with them6. According to epidemiological surveys, individuals who consume fruit-rich diets show lower risks of developing cardiovascular diseases and associated chronic conditions such as cataracts, asthma, bronchitis and cancer7. In addition, fruits function in growth and repair of all body tissues, and also help to effectively fight against skin disorders, promote healthy hair growths, heal cuts, wounds, prevent diseases and disease conditions like stroke, high blood pressure, vitamin C and A deficiencies, diabetes, etc.8. Fruits are capable of providing these health benefits due to the possession of high amounts of bioactive compounds such as vitamins, minerals and many phytochemicals with antioxidant properties9. Despite the huge health benefits associated with the consumption of fruits, they have been reported as one of the major sources of transmission of food-borne diseases due to the fact that they are usually consumed raw10. The outbreak of salmonellosis has earlier been reported with the consumption of cut/sliced water melon and cantaloupe11. Additionally, foodborne diseases may be transmitted through contaminated fruits by bacteria, fungi and viruses12. In developing countries such as Nigeria, the contamination of fruits could emanate from washing of fruits with untreated waste water, the use of manure as fertilizers for boosting fruits yield, irrigation water, harvesting/processing equipment, improper storage, packaging, transportation, personal handling, soil and dust13. According to the previous reports, fruits and vegetables are crucial ingredients required for life’s sustenance, hence their demand cannot be overemphasized14.

Pineapple belongs the family Bromeliaceae which consists of about 2,000 species, mostly epiphytic and many strikingly ornamental9. It is reported that pineapple is adjudged as the third most important tropical fruit in the world after banana and citrus10. About 70% of pineapple produced in developing countries is consumed as fresh fruits, and many farmers in Nigeria depend on pineapple production as a means of sustenance. The enormous health benefits offered by pineapple include boosting the body’s immune system, possession of trace elements such as manganese, vitamin C, A, thiamin (Vitamin B1), calcium, iron and water-soluble antioxidants15. Moving forward, the sales of sliced pineapples by local vendors constitute a profitable business because it is easily assessable and cheaper than the whole fruit. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine the bacteriological quality of sliced/cut pineapple hawked in different locations in Ibadan North Local Government Area (LGA), Oyo State, Nigeria.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Collection of sliced pineapple samples: Four samples per location was collected from different pineapple vendors in Ibadan North LGA (Agbowo, Agodi, Bodija, Yemetu, Mokola and Sango) between July-August, 2025. All samples were collected inside zip lock bags, kept on ice packs, and immediately transported to the Microbiology Department of the University of Ibadan for analysis.

Isolation, morphological and biochemical characterization of bacteria isolated from sliced pineapple samples: Each pineapple sample was crushed in a sterile mortar with pestle, to extract the juice. Ten mL of the extracted juice was transferred into 90 mL of sterile distilled water, homogenized and serially diluted to a dilution factor of 10–10. One mL of the dilution factors 10–3 and 10–6 was aseptically inoculated using the spread plate method into sterile Petri plates of Nutrient Agar (NA), MacConkey Agar (MAC), Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMB) and Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA). All the inoculated plates were incubated for 18-24 hrs at 37°C16. After incubation, the inoculated plates were examined for microbial growth,

enumerated, Gram stained and subjected to various biochemical and sugar fermentation tests, which includes: starch hydrolysis, citrate, motility, catalase, indole, sucrose, fructose, galactose, maltose, glucose, etc., using the Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (9th Edition) as a guide. Additionally, representative colonies were picked and streaked repeatedly to obtain pure cultures which were preserved on agar slants and kept at 4°C for future use16.

Statistical analysis: The data obtained were analysed in frequency and percentages, while the ones from enumeration were analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to separate significant means at 5% level.

RESULTS

The Total Heterotrophic Count (THC) of bacteria isolated from the sliced pineapple samples obtained from different points in Ibadan North LGA is presented in Table 1. It was documented that highest and lowest THC of 1.0×107 CFU/mL and 1.3×104 CFU/mL was recorded in Agbowo point 4 (Ag4) and Bodija point 1 (B1) respectively.

A total number of 44 bacterial isolates was obtained from all the sampled sliced pineapples (Table 2).

The frequency of occurrence of each bacterial species is reported in Table 3. It was observed that Bacillus sp. had the frequency occurrence of 0.0, 9.0, 0.0, 25.0, 13.3, 25.0 in Agodi, Agbowo, Bodija, Mokola, Sango and Yemetu respectively, while Citrobacter sp. showed frequency occurrence of 0.0, 18.1, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 in Agodi, Agbowo, Bodija, Mokola, Sango and Yemetu respectively. Enterobacter sp. demonstrated the frequency occurrence of 20.0, 0.0, 25.0, 0.0, 13.3, 25.0 in Agodi, Agbowo, Bodija, Mokola, Sango and Yemetu respectively, while E. coli showed the frequency occurrence of 0.0, 18.1.0, 25.0, 25.0, 26.7, 25.0 in Agodi, Agbowo, Bodija, Mokola,Sango and Yemetu respectively. Klebsiella sp. recorded a frequceny occurrence of 0.0, 9.0, 0.0, 0.0, 6.7, 0.0 in Agodi, Agbowo, Bodija, Mokola, Sango and Yemetu respectively. Leminorella sp. showed the frequency occurrence of 0.0, 9.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 in Agodi, Agbowo, Bodija, Mokola, Sango and Yemetu respectively, while Morganella sp. exhibited a frequency occurrence of 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 25.0, 0.0, 0.0 in Agodi, Agbowo, Bodija, Mokola, Sango and Yemetu respectively. Furthermore, Pseudomonas sp. had the frequency occurrence of 0.0, 0.0, 25.0, 0.0, 6.7, 0.0 in Agodi, Agbowo, Bodija, Mokola, Sango and Yemetu respectively, while Salmonella sp. recorded a frequency occurrence of 20.0, 18.1, 0.0, 0.0, 13.3, 0.0 in Agodi, Agbowo, Bodija, Mokola, Sango and Yemetu respectively. Finally, Staphylococcus sp. demonstrated a frequency occurrence of 20.0, 9.0, 25.0, 25.0, 20.0, 25.0 in Agodi, Agbowo, Bodija, Mokola, Sango and Yemetu, respectively.

Table 1: Total heterotrophic count of bacteria isolated from vended sliced pineapples obtained from six selected points in Ibadan LGA, Oyo State
S/no Sample codes/Locations THC (CFU/mL)
Agbowo
1 Ag1 1.8×106a
2 Ag2 1.2×105a
3 Ag3 5.2×106b
4 Ag4 1.0×107a
Sango
5 S1 5.2×106a
6 S2 1.5×105b
7 S3 2.7×105c
8 S4 1.7×104a
Bodija
9 B1 1.3×104a
10 B2 1.1×106a
11 B3 1.9×105a
12 B4 7.2×106b
Mokola
13 M1 1.8×105a
14 M2 1.6×106a
15 M3 2.1×105b
16 M4 5.2×106c
Agodi
17 Ad1 6.0×106a
18 Ad2 7.7×106b
19 Ad3 7.2×106b
20 Ad4 1.7×106c
Yemetu
21 Y1 1.8×106a
22 Y2 1.5×105a
23 Y3 5.7×106b
24 Y4 4.0×106c
THC: Total heterotrophic count, Values with the different letters down the column are significantly different (p = 0.05), Ag1-Ag2: Samples from Agbowo, S1-S4: Samples from Sango, B1-B4: Samples from Bodija, M1-M4: Samples from Mokola, Ad1-Ad4: Samples from Agodi and Y1-Y4: Samples from Yemetu

Table 2: Presumptive biochemical and sugar fermentation test results of bacteria isolated from vended pineapple samples
Sample
code		 Gram's
reaction		 KOH Catalase
motility		 Citrate SH Oxidase Indole MR VP Sucrose Fructose Lactose Galactose Mannitol Maltose Glucose Probable
organism
Ag1 - + + - + - - - + - + - + - + + Citrobacter sp.
Ag2 - + + - - - - - + - - - - - + + Salmonella sp.
Ag3 - + + - - - - - - + - + + + + + Klebsiella sp.
Ag4 - + + - - + - - - + + - - - - - Salmonella sp.
Ag5 + - + + - + - - - - + + + + + - Staphylococcus sp.
Ag6 + - + - - + - - + - + - + - + + Citrobacter sp.
Ag7 - + + - + - - + + - - + + + + + Escherichia coli
Ag8 + - + + + + - - - + + + + + + + Bacillus sp.
Ag9 - + + - + - - + + - + - + + + E. coli
Ag10 - + + - - - - + + - - + + - + - E. coli
Ag11 - + + - - + - - - - + - - + - - Leminorella sp.
S1 - + + + - - - - - + + - + + + + Klebsiella sp.
S2 - + + - + - - + + - - - + - + - E. coli
S3 - + + - - - - - - + + - - - + + Enterobacter sp.
S4 - + + + - - - - + - + + + + + + Staphylococcus sp.
S5 - + + - + + - - + - + - - - + + Enterobacter sp.
S6 - + + - + - - - + - - - - - + + Salmonella sp.
S7 + - + + + + - - - + + + - - + + Bacillus sp.
S8 - + + + - - - - + + + + + + + + Staphylococcus sp.
S9 - + + - + - - + + - - - + - + - E. coli
S10 + - + + + + + - - + + + - - + + Bacillus sp.
S11 - + + - + - + - - - - - - + + - Pseudomonas sp.
S12 - + + - + - - - - - - - - - + + Salmonella sp.
S13 - + + - + - - + + - - + + - + - E. coli
S14 - + + + - - - - + - + + + + + + Staphylococcus sp.
S15 - + + + - - - - - + + - + + + + E. coli
B2 - + + - + - - + + - - - + + + - E. coli
B2 - + + + + - + - - - - - - - + - Pseudomonas sp.
B3 + - + + - - - - + + + - + + + + Staphylococcus sp.
B4 - + + + + - - - - + - + + + + - Enterobacter sp.
B5 + - + + + + - - - + + + - - + + Bacillus sp.
M1 + - + + + + - - - + + + - - + + Bacillus sp.
M2 + - + - - - - + - - - - + + - - Morganella sp.
M3 + - + + - + - - + + + + + + + + Staphylococcus sp.
M4 - + + - + + - + + - - - + - + - E. coli
Ad1 - + + - + - - - + - - + - + + + Salmonella sp.
Ad2 - + + + + - - - - + - + + + + - Enterobacter sp.
Ad3 + - + + - + - - + + + + + + + + Staphylococcus sp.
Ad4 - + + - + + - + + - - - + + + - E. coli
Ad5 + - + + + + + - - + + + - + + + Bacillus sp.
Y1 - + + - + + - + + - + - + - + - E. coli
Y2 + - + + - - - - + + + + + + + + Staphylococcus sp.
Y3 - + + + + - - - - + - + + + + - Enterobacter sp.
Y4 + - + + + + - - - + + + - - + + Bacillus sp.
SH: Starch hydrolysis, MR: Methyl red, VP: Voges proskauer, KOH: Potassium hydroxide, +: Positive reaction, -: Negative reaction, Bacillus and Staphylococcus were tested positive for Gram’s reaction, catalase, citrate, oxidase, VP, fructose, lactose, maltose, galactose and mannitol, while Citrobacter, E. coli, Klebsiella, Leminorella, Pseudomonas, Salmonella and Enterobacter tested negative for Gram’ reaction Ag1-Ag2: Samples from Agbowo, S1-S4: Samples from Sango, B1-B4: Samples from Bodija, M1-M4: Samples from Mokola, Ad1-Ad4: Samples from Agodi and Y1-Y4: Samples from Yemetu

Table 3: Frequency of occurrence of bacteria isolated from sliced/cut pineapples at different sampling locations
Bacteria Agodi Agbowo Bodija Mokola Sango Yemetu
Bacillus sp. 0 9 0 25 13.3 25
Citrobacter sp. 0 18.1 0 0 0 0
Enterobacter sp. 20 0 25 0 13.3 25
E. coli 0 18.1 25 25 26.7 25
Klebsiella sp. 20 9 0 0 6.7 0
Leminorella sp. 0 9 0 0 0 0
Morganella sp. 0 0 0 25 0 0
Pseudomonas sp. 0 0 25 0 6.7 0
Salmonella sp. 20 18.1 0 0 13.3 0

Table 4: Overall percentage of occurrence of isolated bacteria species in the sliced pineapple samples
S/no Bacteria Frequency of occurrence (%)
1 Bacillus sp. 15.9
2 Citrobacter sp. 4.5
3 Enterobacter sp. 1.3
4 E. coli 25
5 Klebsiella sp. 4.5
6 Lemionrella sp. 2.2
7 Morganella sp. 2.2
8 Pseudomonas sp. 4.5
9 Salmonella sp. 11.4
10 Staphylococcus sp. 18.2

In addition, the overall percentage of occurrence is documented in Table 4. It was recorded that E. coli had the highest % of occurrence (25.0%), followed by Staphylococcus sp. (18.2%), while Leminorella sp. and Morganella sp. demonstrated the lowest percentages of occurrence (2.2%) respectively.

DISCUSSION

This study provides information on the isolation and biochemical identification of pathogenic bacteria recovered from sliced/cut pineapple samples hawked in some strategic selected areas in Ibadan North local government of Oyo State, Nigeria.

The sliced/cut pineapple samples worked upon in this study revealed that they were highly contaminated with different species of bacteria such as Bacillus, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, E. coli, Klebsiella, Leminorella, Morganella, Pseudomonas, Salmonella and Staphylococcus. All the identified documented bacteria sp. in this study have been previously reported to be isolated from fruits15,17,18. The observed low percentage of occurrence for Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and Citrobacter is in conformity with the findings19, while the high percentage of occurrence for E. coli and Staphylococcus is in tandem with the documented submissions by5,20. According to literature reports, the survival of these bacteria in the sliced/cut pineapple samples might be due to their ability to utilise the nutrients present in the fruit for growth and metabolism, as well as their ability to adapt to prevailing conditions in the fruit matrix3,13. More so, the recorded high bacterial load might be due to exposure of the fruits to air during cutting or slicing by the fruit handlers, because air carries a lot of pathogens that may contaminate these fruits12. The contamination of cut/sliced fruits could emanate from atmospheric discharge from sneezing or coughing, as well as the methods of hawking and selling of the fruits, which may predispose them to contamination through ecological and environmental conditions6,10,19. The survival of these bacteria in the atmosphere depends on factors such as nature of microorganism, adaptation to changes in the physical environment (which includes ability to form resistant spores)5. Other researchers also mentioned that contamination of fruits might arise from sources such as contaminated water used in the cultivation of the fruits, harvesting, transportation, storage, time interval between storage and processing, contaminated soil, irrigation water, the environment, washing/rinsing water and handling by processors3,8. More so, bacteria borne by these fruits may proliferate rapidly over time depending on the storage conditions, especially the psychrophilic types10. Additionally, some of these bacteria species might also emanate as part of the natural micro flora population of the fruits. However, some of the fruit handlers might also be potential carriers of these bacteria due to one illness or the other of which during processing they can easily contaminate the sliced fruits14. This scenario therefore predisposes consumers of these hawked sliced fruits purchased susceptible to food borne illnesses caused by a wide variety of pathogenic contaminants. The presence of coliform bacteria such E. coli and Enterobacter sp. suggests that the sliced pineapple samples were fecally contaminated as a result of the water used for washing the utensils (such as knife, tray, tables, packing nylons, bucket for hawking), and hands of the handlers before and during processing the fruits19. Organisms (such as E. coli, salmonella and Pseudomonas) contaminating the cut/sliced fruits have been earlier reported to cause foodborne infections like gastroenteritis, diarrhoea, cholera and typhoid fever20. Cross-contamination of food during processing is a crucial factor to be reckoned with in food-borne illness cases5. The identification of Pseudomonas sp. as spoilage bacteria of vegetable, fruits and their products have been previously reported by Olu-Taiwo et al.9. Therefore, the high frequency of occurrence recorded for Staphylococcus in this work is in conformity with findings of Nura et al.13, as its occurrence may be due to its natural presence on the hands and skins of healthy individuals because humans have been identified as primary reservoirs of S. aureus12. However, it can be inferred that contamination of cut/sliced fruits with S. aureus will easily occur when the hands of the handlers are not properly washed before engaging in fruit processing9,11. More so, sliced pineapple samples contaminated with E. coli above the recommended acceptable standard are not safe for human consumption11,20. Finally, the high level of contamination recorded by the analysed sliced pineapple samples has the potentials of constituting a huge threat to public health. Hence, appropriate governmental agencies which includes: National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC), and Standard Organisation of Nigeria (SON) should be mandated to monitor and evaluate the microbiological safety of processed fruits hawked in Nigeria.

CONCLUSION

The findings from this study validate the fact that microbial contaminations of cut/sliced fruits through improper handling processes must be monitored and strict hygienic practices should be implemented. The high occurrence of pathogenic organisms recorded in this study points to the fact that, these fruits may become potential sources of food borne infections if adequate processing methods are not put in place. However, this study conducted only culture-dependent studies. Therefore, future studies should be directed towards molecular identification of the isolated organisms, their relatedness to one another, as well as the detection of virulent/toxigenic genes that might be present in the isolated organisms.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT

This study was conducted to determine the level of contaminations caused by pathogenic bacteria associated with sliced pineapples hawked in the Ibadan North Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. The results obtained from this study will help to enlighten the consumers of the possible potential treat these fruits can cause, if they are not properly processed. Policy makers may also use the information documented in this study to implement laws that must be strictly followed, so as to ensure the maximum safety of the fruit consumers.

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How to Cite this paper?


APA-7 Style
Ozabor, P.T., Ademola, I., Fadahunsi, I.F. (2026). Bacteriological Assessment of Sliced Pineapple (Ananas comosus) Hawked in Ibadan North Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Trends in Biological Sciences, 2(2), 144-152. https://doi.org/10.21124/tbs.2026.144.152

ACS Style
Ozabor, P.T.; Ademola, I.; Fadahunsi, I.F. Bacteriological Assessment of Sliced Pineapple (Ananas comosus) Hawked in Ibadan North Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Trends Biol. Sci 2026, 2, 144-152. https://doi.org/10.21124/tbs.2026.144.152

AMA Style
Ozabor PT, Ademola I, Fadahunsi IF. Bacteriological Assessment of Sliced Pineapple (Ananas comosus) Hawked in Ibadan North Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Trends in Biological Sciences. 2026; 2(2): 144-152. https://doi.org/10.21124/tbs.2026.144.152

Chicago/Turabian Style
Ozabor, Praise, Temilade, Inioluwa Ademola, and Ilesanmi Festus Fadahunsi. 2026. "Bacteriological Assessment of Sliced Pineapple (Ananas comosus) Hawked in Ibadan North Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria" Trends in Biological Sciences 2, no. 2: 144-152. https://doi.org/10.21124/tbs.2026.144.152

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